Wetlands in cold ecoregions

– Case studies –

Hundreds, if not thousands, of recently published papers are dealing with the impact of Climate Change on freshwater ecosystems.

Here you find summaries of a few hundred papers, which we consider as most relevant.

Wetlands in general

Abiotic incidators

Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention) / Maurice, P.A., S.E. Cabaniss, J. Drummond &am ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention)

Reference

Maurice, P.A., S.E. Cabaniss, J. Drummond & E. Ito (2002): Hydrogeochemical controls on the variations in chemical characteristics of natural organic matter at a small freshwater wetland. Chemical Geology 187(1): 259-277.

Description

Relation of DOC to predominant water source (soil pore water or ground water discharge). Hydrology effect: attenuation of UV radiation; photoaggregation and photodegradation of organic matter. Suspended and dissolved organic matter -> UV light attenuation. Found that hydrology influences fate or organic matter, which relates to changes with climate in UV attenuation.

Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention) / Carroll P. & P. Crill (1997): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention)

Reference

Carroll P. & P. Crill (1997): Carbon balance of a temperate poor fen. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11(3): 349-356.

Description

Net ecosystem carbon exchange rates ranged from -192 to 492 mg C m^-2 h^-1 and the ecosystem respiration measurements were between -10 and -365 mg C m^-2 h^-1. Negative values represent loss of carbon from the system. Results of the carbon balance model suggest that the wetland lost an estimated 145 g C m^-2 for the 9 month modelling period (April through December). The 1994 climate season was warmer (+1.15 ° C/month) and drier (-12.3 cm) than the 30 year normals.

Model: DOC (release/retention) / Futter, M.N., Butterfield, D., Cosby, B.J., D ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Model: DOC (release/retention)

Reference

Futter, M.N., Butterfield, D., Cosby, B.J., Dillon, P.J., Wade, A.J., Whitehead, P.G. (2007): Modelling the mechanisms that control in-stream dissolved organic carbon dynamics in upland and forested catchments. Water Resources Research 43: 42370.

Description

We present a new, process-based model of soil and stream water dissolved organic carbon (DOC): the Integrated Catchments Model for Carbon (INCA-C). INCA-C is the first model of DOC cycling to explicitly include effects of different land cover types, hydrological flow paths, in-soil carbon biogeochemistry, and surface water processes on in-stream DOC concentrations. It can be calibrated using only routinely available monitoring data. INCA-C simulates daily DOC concentrations over a period of years to decades. Sources, sinks, and transformation of solid and dissolved organic carbon in peat and forest soils, wetlands, and streams as well as organic carbon mineralization in stream waters are modeled. INCA-C is designed to be applied to natural and seminatural forested and peat-dominated catchments in boreal and temperate regions. Simulations at two forested catchments showed that seasonal and interannual patterns of DOC concentration could be modeled using climate-related parameters alone. A sensitivity analysis showed that model predictions were dependent on the mass of organic carbon in the soil and that in-soil process rates were dependent on soil moisture status. Sensitive rate coefficients in the model included those for organic carbon sorption and desorption and DOC mineralization in the soil. The model was also sensitive to the amount of litter fall. Our results show the importance of climate variability in controlling surface water DOC concentrations and suggest the need for further research on the mechanisms controlling production and consumption of DOC in soils.

N-/C-flux / Austnes, K., Kaste, Ø., Vestgarden, L. ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux

Reference

Austnes, K., Kaste, Ø., Vestgarden, L. S., Mulder, J.(2008): Manipulation of snow in small headwater catchments at Storgama, Norway: Effects on leaching of total organic carbon and total organic nitrogen. Ambio 37(1): 38-47.

Description

Projected increases in winter temperature due to future climate change may cause decreased snow accumulation at lower and intermediate altitudes in northern temperate regions. The resulting changes in soil temperature and water regime may affect the leaching of total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TON). We manipulated the snow cover of small headwater catchments in a montane heathland area of southern Norway to quantify its effect on concentrations and fluxes of TOC and TON in runoff. Manipulations included snow removal, to promote soil frost, and insulation, to prevent soil frost. Snow removal resulted in increased TOC and TON concentrations, but decreased fluxes. Insulation caused a slight decrease in concentrations and fluxes of TOC. Our experiments show that a change in snow depth, and thus soil temperature, is not likely to have serious effects on TOC and TON leaching in the montane heathland area studied.

N-/C-flux / Haaland, S., Austnes, K., Kaste, Ø., M ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux

Reference

Haaland, S., Austnes, K., Kaste, Ø., Mulder, J., Riise, G., Vestgarden, L. S., Stuanes, A. O. (2008): Manipulation of precipitation in small headwater catchments at Storgama, Norway: Effects on leaching of organic carbon and nitrogen species. Ambio 37(1): 48-55.

Description

Projected changes in climate in Southern Norway include increases in summer and autumn precipitation. This may affect leaching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soils. Effects of experimentally added extra precipitation (10 mm week^-1) during the growing season of 3 years (2004-2006) to small headwater catchments at Storgama (59°0′N, 550-600 m a.s.l.) on leaching of total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TON) were assessed. Extra precipitation did not have a significant effect on average TOC and TON concentrations in runoff. Thus, fluxes of TOC and TON increased nearly proportionally with water fluxes. This suggests that a store of adsorbed and potentially mobile TOC and TON in catchment soils buffers the concentration of DOM in runoff. The size and dynamics of the pool of TOC and TON depends on the balance between production and leaching rates. Infrequent short droughts had only small effects on TOC and TON fluxes in runoff from the reference catchments.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Christensen, T.R., Ekberg, A., Strö,m, L. ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Christensen, T.R., Ekberg, A., Strö,m, L., Mastepanov, M., Panikov, N., Öquist, M., Svensson, B.H., Nykänen, H., Martikainen, P.J. & H. Oskarsson (2003): Factors controlling large scale variations in methane emissions from wetlands. Geophysical Research Letters 30(7): 1414.

Description

Soil temperature and organic acid concentrations explain almost 100% variations in mean annual methane emissions. Temperature sensitivity suggests feedback mechanism on climate change.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Christensen, T.R., N. Panikov, M. Mastepanov, ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Christensen, T.R., N. Panikov, M. Mastepanov, A. Joabsson, A. Stewart, M. Öquist, M. Sommerkorn, S. Reynaud & B. Svensson (2003): Biotic controls on CO₂ and CH₄ exchange in wetlands - a closed environment study. Biogeochemistry 64: 337-354.

Description

Direct incfluence of amount of vascular plants on methane emission. This experimental setup presented may be used for further understanding of possible feedback effects on climate change.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Moore, T.R., N.T. Roulet & J.M. Waddingto ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Moore, T.R., N.T. Roulet & J.M. Waddington (1998): Uncertainty in predicting the effect of climatic change on the carbon cycling of Canadian peatlands. Climatic Change 40: 229-245.

Description

Increases in mean annual temperature 2-6 °C (most pronounced during winter). Increased carbon dioxide uptake by plants. 0-15% increase in mean annual precipitation. Lowered water tables, decreased methane emissions.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Werner, C., K. Davis, P. Bakwin, C. Yi, D. Hu ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Werner, C., K. Davis, P. Bakwin, C. Yi, D. Hurst & L. Lock (2003): Regional-scale measurements of CH₄ exchange from a tall tower over a mixed temperate/boreal lowland and wetland forest. Global Change Biology 9(9): 1251-1261.

Description

Seasonal and interannual temperature variation: Maximum soil temperatures coincide with maximum CH₄ emission values. Reduced precipitation: Reduced water table levels suppressed CH₄ emissions. Long-term climatic changes reducing water table may transform this landscape to reduced emission or sink for atmospheric CH₄.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (20 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (2005): Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 14(4): 347-357.

Description

Niche properties are a good indicator of species sensitivities to climate change. Review of temperature effects on niche as indicators of potential species survival. Macrophytes: emissons of CH₄. Direct link between coverage of macrophytes and ebullition of CH₄.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Walter, B.P., M. Heimann & E. Matthews (2 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Walter, B.P., M. Heimann & E. Matthews (2001): Modeling modern methane emissions from natural wetlands 1. Model description and results. Journal of Geophysical Reseach - Atmospheres 106(D24): 34189-34206.

Description

The global methane-hydrology model constitutes a tool to study temporal and spatial variations in methane emissions from natural wetlands. To investigate the response of methane emissions from natural wetlands to climate variations, a process-based model that derives methane emissions from natural wetlands as a function of soil temperature, water table, and net primary productivity is used. We calculate global annual methane emissions from wetlands to be 260 Tg yr^-1. Twenty-five percent of these methane emissions originate from wetlands north of 30 °N. Only 60% of the produced methane is emitted, while the rest is reoxidized.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Brix, H., B.K. Sorrell & B. Lorenzen (200 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Brix, H., B.K. Sorrell & B. Lorenzen (2001): Are phragmites-dominated wetlands a net source or net sink of greenhouse gases? Aquatic Botany 69(2-4): 313-324.

Description

The balance between net CO₂-assimilation and CH₄ emission determines if a wetland can be regarded as a net sink or a net source of greenhouse gases. Wetlands may be regarded as a source for greenhouse gases and so increase radiative forcing if evaluated on a short time scale (decades), but as a sink for greenhouse gases and thus attenuating radiative forcing if evaluated over longer time scales (>100 years).

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Whiting, G.J. & J.P. Chanton (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Whiting, G.J. & J.P. Chanton (2001): Greenhouse carbon balance of wetlands: methane emission versus carbon sequestration. Tellus Series B – Chemical and Physical Meteorology 53(5): 521-528.

Description

As global warming potential of methane decreases over long time horizons (100 years), our analyses suggest that the subtropical and temperate wetlands attenuate global warming. and northern wetlands may be perched on the "greenhouse compensation" point. Considering a 500-year time horizon, these wetlands can be regarded as sinks for greenhouse gas warming potential, and thus attenuate the greenhouse warming of the atmosphere.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Griffis, T.J. & W.R. Rouse (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Griffis, T.J. & W.R. Rouse (2001): Modelling the interannual variability of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange at a subarctic sedge fen. Global Change Biology 7(5): 511-530.

Description

Climate change scenarios indicate that warmer air temperatures will increase carbon acquisition during wet years but may act to reduce wetland carbon storage in years that experience a large water deficit early in the growing season. Model simulations for this subarctic sedge fen indicate that carbon acquisition is greatest during wet and warm conditions.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Griffis, T.J., W.R. Rouse & J.M. Waddingt ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Griffis, T.J., W.R. Rouse & J.M. Waddington (2000): Interannual variability of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange at a subarctic fen. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14(4): 1109-1121.

Description

Interannual variability in net ecosystem CO₂ exchange was large and ranged from a net sink of -235 g CO₂ m^-2 in 1996 to a net source of +76 g CO₂ m^-2 in 1994. Our data strongly indicate that an early snowmelt combined with wet and warm conditions in spring lead to large carbon acquisition even when drier conditions were experienced over the majority of the growing season.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Joiner, D.W., P.M. Lafleur, J.H. McCaughey &a ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Joiner, D.W., P.M. Lafleur, J.H. McCaughey & P.A. Bartlett (1999): Interannual variability in carbon dioxide exchanges at a boreal wetland in the BOREAS northern study area. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 104(D22): 27663-27672.

Description

Warmer air temperatures and an earlier snowmelt in the spring of 1994, which led to an earlier thaw for the fen surface, and warmer and drier conditions in the fall of 1994 promoted CO₂ production at times when the vascular vegetation was not photosynthesizing. As a result, in 1994 over the study period of 124 days the fen was a net source of CO₂-carbon to the atmosphere, losing 30.8 g C m^-2; for the same period in 1996 the fen was a net sink of CO₂-carbon, assimilating -91.6 g C m^-2.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Svensson, B.H., T.R. Christensen, E. Johansso ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Svensson, B.H., T.R. Christensen, E. Johansson & M. Oquist (1999): Interdecadal changes in CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes of a subarctic mire: Stordalen revisited after 20 years. Oikos 85(1): 22-30.

Description

A study in 1970s and return to the area in 1994-95 offered opportunity to study interdecadal changes in CO₂ and CH₄ emissions. There were no significant differences between the CH₄-flux in 1974. 1994, and 1995. However, the CO₂ fluxes were significantly higher in 1995 than in 1974. Suggest changes in vegetation composition, altered mineralization pathways and disintegration of permafrost as causes for the interdecadal increase in decomposition rates.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Christensen T.R. (1993): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Christensen T.R. (1993): Methane emission from arctic tundra. Biogeochemistry 21(2): 117-139.

Description

A time series of 528 independent observations were made at 22 fixed sites during the summers of 1991 and 1992. From a thaw-season with approximately 55% of normal precipitation, a global tundra CH₄ source of 18-30 Tg CH₄ yr^-1 is estimated. This is within the range of 42 ± 26 Tg CH₄ yr^-1 found in a similar sub-Arctic tundra environment. No single-parameter relationship between one environmental factor and CH₄ flux covering all sites was found.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Yavitt, J.B., G.E. Lang & A.J. Sexstone ( ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Yavitt, J.B., G.E. Lang & A.J. Sexstone (1990): Methane fluxes in wetland and forest soils, beaver ponds, and low-order streams of a temperate forest ecosystem. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 95(D13): 22463-22474.

Description

Wetland sites acted as small sources of atmospheric methane. The forest sites were mostly atmospheric methane sinks. Open-water sites were large sources of atmospheric methane. The results of our studies suggest that methane emissions from these /"temperate-like/" ecosystems will not result in a large positive feedback that might exacerbate the rate of global climate warming.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): Peatlands and global climate change – insights from comparative studies of sites situated along a latitudinal gradient. Wetlands 14(3): 229-238.

Description

Latitude effect: CH₄ emissions; Sphagnum growth rate. Photosynthesis effect: carbon emissions from peatland soils. Productivity, biomass effect: rate of growth; C emissions. Use of wetland ecosystems at different latitude to assess potential changes under climate change.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / van Noordwijk, M., P. Martikainen, P. Bottner ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

van Noordwijk, M., P. Martikainen, P. Bottner, E. Cuevas, C. Rouland & S.S. Dhillion (1998): Global change and root function. Global Change Biology 4(7): 759-772.

Description

A number of possible mechanisms for root-mediated N mineralization is discussed in the light of climate change factors. Rhizovory (root consumption) may increase under global change as the balance between plant chemical defense and adapted root- consuming organisms may be modified during biome shifts in response to climate change. Root-mediated gas exchange allows oxygen to penetrate into soils and methane (CH₄) to escape from wetland soils of tundra ecosystems as well as tropical rice production systems. The effect on net greenhouse gas emissions of biome shifts (fens replacing bogs) as well as of agricultural land management will depend partly on aerenchyma in roots.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Gedney, N., Cox, P.M. & C. Huntingford (2 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Gedney, N., Cox, P.M. & C. Huntingford (2004): Climate feedback from wetland methane emissions. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L20503

Description

In transient climate change simulations the wetland response amplifies the total anthropogenic radiative forcing at 2100 by about 3.5 - 5%. The modelled increase in global CH₄ flux from wetland is comparable to the projected increase in anthropogenic CH₄ emissions over the 21st century under the IS92a scenario.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention) / Clair T.A., P. Arp, T.R. Moore, M. Dalva & ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention)

Reference

Clair T.A., P. Arp, T.R. Moore, M. Dalva & F.R. Meng (2001): Gaseous carbon dioxide and methane, as well as dissolved organic carbon losses from a small temperate wetland under a changing climate. Environmental Pollution 116 (Suppl. 1): 143-148.

Description

Annual C losses from this wetland amount to 0.6% of its total C mass. Predict that under climate changes caused by a doubling of atmospheric CO₂ expected between 2040 and 2050, total C loss from the wetland will almost double to 1.1% of total biomass. This may convert the wetland from what we assume is currently a passive C storage area to an active source of greenhouse gases.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication / Pastor, J., J. Solin, S.D. Bridgham, K. Updeg ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication

Reference

Pastor, J., J. Solin, S.D. Bridgham, K. Updegraff, C. Harth, P. Weishampel & B. Dewey (2003): Global warming and the export of dissolved organic carbon from boreal peatlands. Oikos 100: 380-386.

Description

Temperature: Experimentally increased. Less influence on DOC budget than changes in discharge. Experimentally changed water tables: Changes in water-table levels have less influence on DOC budget than changes in discharge. Increased retention of DOC: exponential increase in trace gas emissions.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication / Fenner, N., D.J. Dowrick, M.A. Lock, C.R. Raf ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication

Reference

Fenner, N., D.J. Dowrick, M.A. Lock, C.R. Rafarel & C. Freeman (2006): A novel approach to studying the effects of temperature on soil biogeochemistry using a thermal gradient bar. Soil Use and Management 22(3): 267-273.

Description

Peat: no significant emission of CH₄ at T< 6 °C, marked CH₄ release increase at T >6 to <15 °C (Q(10) = 2.5) with emissions being similar between 15 and 18 °C. Forest soil: CH₄ emissions did not respond to warming. Nitrate availability in the peat decreased by 90% between 2 and 18 °C (P < 0.01), whereas concentrations in the forest soil did not respond. Sulphate availability in the peat decreased significantly with warming (60%, P < 0.01), while the forest soil showed the opposite response (a 30% increase, P < 0.01). Thermal responses will differ depending on land use and soil type.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Shindell, D.T., B.P. Walter & G. Faluvegi ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Shindell, D.T., B.P. Walter & G. Faluvegi (2004): Impacts of climate change on methane emissions from wetlands. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L21202

Description

Geographic distributions of wetlands: High northern latitude wetland areas expand, methane emissions triple. Doubled CO₂ simulations show rise in annual average methane emission by 78% (enhanced emissions from tropical wetlands). Predicts 20% increase of global totals from natural emissions under climate change.

N-flux / Kaste, Ø., Austnes, K., Vestgarden, L. ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-flux

Reference

Kaste, Ø., Austnes, K., Vestgarden, L.S., Wright, R.F. (2008): Manipulation of Snow in Small Headwater Catchments at Storgama, Norway: Effects on Leaching of Inorganic Nitrogen. Ambio 37(1): 29-37.

Description

We have manipulated the winter-time soil temperature regime of small headwater catchments in a montane heathland area of southern Norway to study the possible effects on concentrations and fluxes of inorganic nitrogen in runoff. The experiments included extra insulation of soils in two catchments to prevent subzero temperatures during winter, and removal of snow in two other catchments to promote soil frost. Increased soil temperatures during winter increased the springtime concentrations and fluxes of ammonium (NH ₄) and nitrate (NO₃) in runoff. By contrast, snow removal with development of significant soil frost showed no systematic effects on mean concentrations or fluxes of inorganic N. The results from our experiments suggest that warmer soils during winter caused by exceptionally mild winters, or alternatively a heavy snowpack, imply a greater risk for inorganic N leaching in this region than a possible increase of soil frost events because of reduced snow cover.

N-flux, wet deposition / Hole, L. R., de Wit, H. A., Aas, W. (2008): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-flux, wet deposition

Reference

Hole, L. R., de Wit, H. A., Aas, W. (2008): Influence of summer and winter climate variability on nitrogen wet deposition in Norway. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Special Issue (Eurolimpacs).

Description

Dominating wind patterns around Norway may change due to climate warming. This could affect transport of polluted air masses and precipitation. Here, we study relations between reactive nitrogen wet deposition and air mass transport during summer and winter expressed in the form of climate indices, at seven sites in Southern Norway for the period 1980-2005. Atmospheric nitrate concentrations decreased with 0 to 50% in the period, particularly at sites with little precipitation, and mostly during 1990-2005. For comparison, reported reductions in emissions of oxidised nitrogen in Europe in 1989-2003 were 23%. Climate indices explained up to 36% of the variation in winter nitrate deposition at the western and northern sites and also explained 60% of the variation in winter precipitation (R=0.77). This suggests that the variation in nitrate wet deposition is closely related to variation in precipitation, and that the climate indices seem to also partly control the variation in atmospheric nitrate concentrations (R=−0.45 at coastal sites). At the coastal sites, local air temperature was highly correlated (R=0.84) with winter nitrate deposition, suggesting that warm, humid winter weather results in increased wet nitrate deposition. For ammonia the pattern was similar, but this compound is more influenced by local sources. Expected severe increase in precipitation in western and northern regions as a consequence of climate change suggest that nitrogen deposition in these areas will increase under global warming if emissions are held constant.

Nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication / Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication

Reference

Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor (1998): Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus mineralization in northern wetlands. Ecology 79(5): 1545-1561.

Description

Mineralization of C, N, and P differed significantly among wetland types. On a volumetric basis, C and N mineralization increased in a predictable manner across the ombrotrophic-minerotrophic gradient, largely due to increasing soil bulk density, however, P mineralization per cubic centimeter remained relatively high in the bogs. Large differences in mineralization rates in northern wetland communities demonstrate that climate change models should not consider these areas as homogeneous entities. The common perception that more ombrotrophic sites are inherently more nutrient deficient needs to be reassessed.

Soil structure, soil energy fluxes / Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Soil structure, soil energy fluxes

Reference

Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): Hydrologic response of a wetland to changing moisture conditions: Modeling effects of soil heterogeneity. Climatic Change 40(2): 211-227.

Description

Precipitation: Wetland hydrology and flooding: Heterogeneity of soil type has effect on hydraulic flow, flow properties, hydraulic conductivity. Method for mapping soil heterogeneity and its implications for hydraulic conductance.

Soil structure, soil energy fluxes / Rouse, W.R., D.W. Carlson & E.J. Weick (1 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Soil structure, soil energy fluxes

Reference

Rouse, W.R., D.W. Carlson & E.J. Weick (1992): Impacts of summer warming on the energy and water balance of wetland tundra. Climatic Change 22(4): 305-326.

Description

Studied hot-dry, normal-dry and normal-wet growing seasons. For periods of comparable energy availability, evapotranspiration during hot-dry conditions can be larger than during cooler and wetter periods. This results from small stomatal resistance in the sparse canopy of well-rooted sedges, and from the ability of peat soils to supply water under conditions of large atmospheric demand. A dry year promotes deeper thaw depths in the permafrost soils, during the growing season, than does a wet one. This is due to larger ground heat fluxes and larger soil thermal diffusivities. We conclude that maritime, wetland tundra, growing on peat soils, displays feedback mechanisms that can offset the effects of moisture stress caused by summer climate warming.

Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Moore, M.V., M.L. Pace, J.R. Mather, P.S. Mur ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Moore, M.V., M.L. Pace, J.R. Mather, P.S. Murdoch, R.W. Howarth, C.L. Folt, C.Y. Chen, H.F. Hemond, P.A. Flebbe & C.T. Driscoll (1997): Potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the New England/Mid-Atlantic Region. Hydrological Processes 11(8): 925-947.

Description

The projected increase in temperature results in greater rates in evaporation and evapotranspiration. This fact could eliminate most bog ecosystems. The results also show a decrease in duration and amount of snow cover and a likely decrease in frequency for summer convective thunderstorms but an increase in intensity.

Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Tockner, K. & J.A. Stanford (2002): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Tockner, K. & J.A. Stanford (2002): Riverine flood plains: present state and future trends. Environmental Conservation 29(3): 308-330.

Description

Increased summer drying (mid-latitude continental interiors), more intensive precipitation events. Drought. A 3-4 °C climate warming is predicted to eliminate 85% of all remaining wetlands.

Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Ree ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Rees (2003): Paludification and forest retreat in northern oceanic environments. Annals of Botany 91: 213-226.

Description

Rising water tables. Expansion of area covered by bogs, retreat in northern limit of boreal forest.

Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Three external drivers create stressors: 1. water management; 2. land-use management and development; 3. climate change and sea-level rise. Stressors include: loss of spatial extent; loss of connectivity; altered geomorphology and topography; Altered volume, timing, and distribution of regional hydropatterns; input of nutrients; altered fire patterns; and introduction and spread of exotic plants and animals. Ecological effects relate to hydroperiod and depth patterns, sheet flow, salinity gradients, nutrient status and dynamics, fire patterns, habitat availability, and marsh aquatic fauna prey bases. Key ecological indicators are identified.

Abiotic indicators

Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention) / Temnerud, J., Weyhenmeyer, G.A. (2008): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Abiotic indicators
Indicator	Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention)

Reference

Temnerud, J., Weyhenmeyer, G.A. (2008): Abrupt changes in air temperature and precipitation: Do they matter for water chemistry ? Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22: 39661.

Description

We analyzed 120 years long time series of air temperature and precipitation from 29 respective 44 sites distributed all over Sweden and determined abrupt changes by using three methods. For air temperature we found significant changes in 1930 and 1989 and for precipitation in 1920, 1979, and 1998. Analyzing more than 30 yearlong time series of ice cover (333 sites), discharge and watercourses chemistry (87 sites), we observed abrupt changes in 1977, 1989, and 1998 for discharge but first in 1998 for watercourses chemistry, most pronounced for organic matter and sulfate concentrations. We suggest that the abrupt increase in air temperature in 1989 liberated more easily mobilized organic matter in the catchments, which, for water chemistry, was first detected in 1998 as a consequence of increased discharge. We conclude that increases in air temperatures can make ecosystems more sensitive to further changes in precipitation.

Early warning indicators

Water table, drought, hydrology / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Early warning indicators
Indicator	Water table, drought, hydrology

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Water/soil temperature / Fenner, N., D.J. Dowrick, M.A. Lock, C.R. Raf ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Early warning indicators
Indicator	Water/soil temperature

Reference

Description

Primary production: plants

Community change, diversity change, paludification or forest succession / Laiho R., H. Vasander, T. Penttila & J. L ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Community change, diversity change, paludification or forest succession

Reference

Laiho R., H. Vasander, T. Penttila & J. Laine (2003): Dynamics of plant-mediated organic matter and nutrient cycling following water-level drawdown in boreal peatlands. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17(2): AR 1053.

Description

Water-level drawdown initiated a /"forest succession/", in which the OM and nutrient cycles shifted from being dominated by graminoids and mosses to dominance by arboreal vegetation in two decades. The composition of annual litterfall, and allocation of annual nutrient uptake changed radically. Unknown implications for carbon and nutrient balance.

Community change, diversity change, paludification or forest succession / Klein, E., E.E. Berg & R. Dial (2005): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Community change, diversity change, paludification or forest succession

Reference

Klein, E., E.E. Berg & R. Dial (2005): Wetland drying and succession across the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 35(8): 1931-1941.

Description

The region is becoming both woodier in its vegetation and drier: increased forest cover and decreased open and wet areas in both burned and unburned areas. Over 80% of field sites visited have experienced some level of drying, where vegetation transects indicate substantial invasion into former lake beds by facultative upland plants.

Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / Joabsson, A. & T.R. Christensen (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

Joabsson, A. & T.R. Christensen (2001): Methane emissions from wetlands and their relationship with vascular plants: an Arctic example. Global Change Biology 7: 919-932.

Description

Shade: Decreased carbon cycling, decreased methane emission. Highly plant species-specific. Shading: decrease in substrate quality and root density, lower carbon cycling, lower capacity for methane transport from soil to atmosphere. Effect on: Methane emission.

Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): Peatlands and global climate change – insights from comparative studies of sites situated along a latitudinal gradient. Wetlands 14(3): 229-238.

Description

Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / van Noordwijk, M., P. Martikainen, P. Bottner ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

van Noordwijk, M., P. Martikainen, P. Bottner, E. Cuevas, C. Rouland & S.S. Dhillion (1998): Global change and root function. Global Change Biology 4(7): 759-772.

Description

Loss of native species, exotic species increase / Minchinton, T.E. (2002): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase

Reference

Minchinton, T.E. (2002): Precipitation during El Niño correlates with increasing spread of Phragmites australis in New England, USA, coastal marshes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 242: 305-309.

Description

Increased precipitation during El Nino years 1997-98: Hydrochemistry: decreased salinity in brackish and salt marshes: Increased growth and reproduction of less salt-tolerant invasive species Phragmites australis.

Loss of native species, exotic species increase / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Loss of native species, exotic species increase / Hogenbirk, J.C. & R.W. Wein (1991): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase

Reference

Hogenbirk, J.C. & R.W. Wein (1991): Fire and drought experiments in northern wetlands – a climate change analog. Canadian Journal of Botany 69(9): 1991-1997.

Description

Proportional loss of native species and influx of invasives; move towards dicotyledonous species.

Loss of native species, exotic species increase / Wei, A.H. & P. Chow-Fraser (2006): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase

Reference

Wei, A.H. & P. Chow-Fraser (2006): Synergistic impact of water level fluctuation and invasion of Glyceria on Typha in a freshwater marsh of Lake Ontario. Aquatic Botany 84(1): 63-69.

Description

Native Typha latifolia vs. Exotic Glyceria maxima, invasive Phragmites australis: Water level fluctuation was the major natural disturbance and it alone accounted for 88% of the variation in Typha. After partitioning out the effect of water level, both human population growth and the presence of exotic species were still significantly related to the decline of native Typha. We suggest that multiple stressors interact with each other to influence changes in native Typha community and cause greater detrimental impact. An important implication of our results is that projected water level decline due to climate change may not necessarily favor the restoration of a desirable native marsh because of the presence of other disturbances such as exotic and invasive species and altered nutrient regime.

Loss of native species, exotic species increase, riparian vegetation change, growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / Carpenter, S.R., S.G. Fisher, N.B. Grimm & ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase, riparian vegetation change, growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

Carpenter, S.R., S.G. Fisher, N.B. Grimm & J.F. Kitchell (1992): Global change and freshwater ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 119-139.

Description

Altered riparian vegetation (herbal vegetation and trees), and altered biomass and productivity, exotic species. Effect on detrivores: Slowed decomposition. Altered aquatic communities.

Paludification or forest succession / Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Ree ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Paludification or forest succession

Reference

Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Rees (2003): Paludification and forest retreat in northern oceanic environments. Annals of Botany 91: 213-226.

Description

Rising water tables. Expansion of area covered by bogs, retreat in northern limit of boreal forest.

Paludification or forest succession / Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Ree ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Paludification or forest succession

Reference

Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Rees (2003): Paludification and forest retreat in northern oceanic environments. Annals of Botany 91: 213-226.

Description

A southward depression of the treeline in favour of wet heaths, bogs and wetland tundra communities is observed in northern oceanic environments. Climatic warming in oceanic areas may increase the area covered by bogs and, contrary to general expectations, lead to a retreat rather than an advance in the northern limit of the boreal forest. Physiological and ecological factors may interact to inhibit forest regeneration in habitats where there is a risk of prolonged winter-flooding combined with warmer winters and cool moist summers.

Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties / Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (20 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties

Reference

Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (2005): Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 14(4): 347-357.

Description

Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties / Deil, U. (2005): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties

Reference

Deil, U. (2005): A review on habitats, plant traits and vegetation of ephemeral wetlands - a global perspective. Phytocoenologia 35(2-3): 533-705.

Description

Latitude effect: relations between relief features, local hydrology and climatic conditions; provision of niche; habitat type. Indicator functional groups: presence and equivalence of wetland floral species.

Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties / Lessmann J.M., H. Brix, V. Bauer, O.A. Clever ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties

Reference

Lessmann J.M., H. Brix, V. Bauer, O.A. Clevering &, F.A. Comin (2001): Effect of climatic gradients on the photosynthetic responses of four Phragmites australis populations. Aquatic Botany 69(2-4): 109-126.

Description

Emergent macrophytes Phragmites: photosynthetic performance affected by latitude; phenotypic plasticity. Plants grown in the more northerly climates appeared to be more photosynthetically limited through lower P-max values and lower phi (i) levels. The higher P-max levels in the southern climate were correlated with higher nutrient levels in the tissue of leaves. The results are discussed in relation to the prospected global climate change.

Species distribution / Hudon, C., D. Wilcox & J. Ingram (2006) ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Species distribution

Reference

Hudon, C., D. Wilcox & J. Ingram (2006): Modeling wetland plant community response to assess water-level regulation scenarios in the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 113(1-3): 303-328.

Description

General approach, scientific methodology and applied management considerations of studies quantifying the relationships between hydrology and wetland plant assemblages (% occurrence, surface area). Performance indicators (metrics), such as total area of wetland in meadow marsh vegetation type, that link wetland response to water levels will be used to assess the effects of different regulation plans under current and future (climate change) water-supply scenarios.

Substrate quality / Rouse, W.R., D.W. Carlson & E.J. Weick (1 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Substrate quality

Reference

Rouse, W.R., D.W. Carlson & E.J. Weick (1992): Impacts of summer warming on the energy and water balance of wetland tundra. Climatic Change 22(4): 305-326.

Description

Secondary production - fish

Fish distribution, richness, abundance change / Schindler, D.W. (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Secondary production - fish
Indicator	Fish distribution, richness, abundance change

Reference

Schindler, D.W. (2001): The cumulative effects of climate warming and other human stresses on Canadian freshwaters in the new millennium. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58: 18-29.

Description

Increased draught, weaker spring flows, less inundation. Leads to disappearing wetlands. Demise of fisheries, of waterfowl and muskrat populations.

Secondary production - invertebrates

Species distribution, richness, abundance change / Eyre, M.D. (2006): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Secondary production - invertebrates
Indicator	Species distribution, richness, abundance change

Reference

Eyre, M.D. (2006): A strategic interpretation of beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages, biotopes, habitats and distribution, and the conservation implications. Journal of Insect Conservation 10(2): 151-160.

Description

Coleoptera: Productivity of exposed riverine sediment ground beetle biotopes was dependent on deposited organic matter and disturbance on the effects of water flow on site structure. With both ground beetle biotopes, the distribution of assemblages was also affected by substrate water, another abiotic driver. Productivity in aquatic beetle biotopes was a function of base-status, generally reflected by pH, whilst disturbance was mainly due to water flow and wave action.

Susceptibility ecosystem

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Brinson, M.M. & A.I. Malvarez (2002): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Brinson, M.M. & A.I. Malvarez (2002): Temperate freshwater wetlands: types, status, and threats. Environmental Conservation 29(2): 115-133.

Description

Temperature effect: Water abstractions. Review of a range of impacts on different wetland types. One trend is that the more industrialised countries are likely to conserve their already impacted, remaining wetlands, while nations with less industrialisation are now experiencing accelerated losses, and may continue to do so for the next several decades.

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Perotti, M.G., M.C. Dieguez & F.G. Jara. ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Perotti, M.G., M.C. Dieguez & F.G. Jara. (2005): State of the knowledge of north Patagonian wetlands (Argentina): major aspects and importance for regional biodiversity conservation. Revista Chilena De Historia Natural 78(4): 723-737.

Description

The main impact on patagonian wetland is due to land use, species introduction, and the interaction of these disturbances with climate change. Geographic, geomorphological and climatic information of several wetlands located in North Patagonia (Argentina). Information on aquatic vegetation, fish and amphibian fauna distributions and endemisms. Information on processes impacting wetlands at present.

Soil type / Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): Hydrologic response of a wetland to changing moisture conditions: Modeling effects of soil heterogeneity. Climatic Change 40(2): 211-227.

Description

Soil type / Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor (1998): Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus mineralization in northern wetlands. Ecology 79(5): 1545-1561.

Description

Soil type / Schwarzel, K., J. Simunek, M.Th. van Genuchte ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

Schwarzel, K., J. Simunek, M.Th. van Genuchten & G. Wessolek (2006): Measurement and modeling of soil-water dynamics and evapotranspiration of drained peatland soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science-Zeitschrift Für Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde 169(6): 762-774.

Description

Evapotranspiration rates during dry years depended very much on upward capillary flow from the water table and hence on the soil hydraulic properties. During wet years, however, ET was controlled mostly by the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, and much less by the soil hydraulic properties.

Soil type / van der Kamp, G., M. Hayashi & D. Gallen ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

van der Kamp, G., M. Hayashi & D. Gallen (2003): Comparing the hydrology of grassed and cultivated catchments in the semi-arid Canadian prairies. Hydrological Processes 17(3): 559-575.

Description

In 1980 and 1983 a total of about one-third of the 4 km² area was converted from cultivation to undisturbed cover of brome grass. A few years all the wetlands within the area of grass dried out; they have remained dry since, wetlands in adjacent cultivated lands have held water as before. Introduction of undisturbed grass reduces water input: efficient snow trapping and enhanced infiltration into frozen soil. In winter, the tall brome grass traps most of the snowfall, whereas in the cultivated fields more wind transport of snow occurs. Grassland: infiltrability of the frozen soil high enough to absorb most or all of the snowmelt, cultivated fields: infiltration into frozen soil is limited and significant runoff occurs. Summer: the infiltrability increases for the cultivated fields, but the grassland retains a much higher infiltrability than the cultivated land. The development of enhanced infiltrability takes several years after the conversion from cultivation to grass, and is likely due to the gradual development of macropores, such as root holes, desiccation cracks, and animal burrows.

Soil type / Fenner, N., D.J. Dowrick, M.A. Lock, C.R. Raf ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

Description

Vertebrates

Birds: migration, timing, range, distribution / Schindler, D.W. (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Vertebrates
Indicator	Birds: migration, timing, range, distribution

Reference

Description

Increased draught, weaker spring flows, less inundation. Leads to disappearing wetlands. Demise of fisheries, of waterfowl and muskrat populations.

Birds: migration, timing, range, distribution / Zalakevicius M. & R. Zalakeviciute (2001) ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	wetlands in general
Parameter group	Vertebrates
Indicator	Birds: migration, timing, range, distribution

Reference

Zalakevicius M. & R. Zalakeviciute (2001): Global climate change impact on birds: a review of research in Lithuania. Folia Zoologica 50(1): 1-17.

Description

Timing of spring arrival.

Riverine

Abiotic incidators

Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention) / Maurice, P.A., S.E. Cabaniss, J. Drummond &am ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention)

Reference

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Christensen, T.R., Ekberg, A., Strö,m, L. ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

Soil temperature and organic acid concentrations explain almost 100% variations in mean annual methane emissions. Temperature sensitivity suggests feedback mechanism on climate change.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Juutinen,S., J. Alm, T. Larmola, J.T. Huttune ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Juutinen,S., J. Alm, T. Larmola, J.T. Huttunen, M. Morero, S. Saarnio, P.J. Martikainen & J. Silvola (2003): Methane (CH₄) release from littoral wetlands of Boreal lakes during an extended flooding period. Global Change Biology 9: 413-424.

Description

Unusually long inundation of otherwise only ephemerally flooded zone in 1998 caused decreased methane emissions (submerged venting structures of plants in sedge-dominated zone).

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Werner, C., K. Davis, P. Bakwin, C. Yi, D. Hu ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (20 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (2005): Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 14(4): 347-357.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Walter, B.P., M. Heimann & E. Matthews (2 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Brix, H., B.K. Sorrell & B. Lorenzen (200 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Brix, H., B.K. Sorrell & B. Lorenzen (2001): Are phragmites-dominated wetlands a net source or net sink of greenhouse gases? Aquatic Botany 69(2-4): 313-324.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Whiting, G.J. & J.P. Chanton (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Whiting, G.J. & J.P. Chanton (2001): Greenhouse carbon balance of wetlands: methane emission versus carbon sequestration. Tellus Series B – Chemical and Physical Meteorology 53(5): 521-528.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Griffis, T.J. & W.R. Rouse (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Griffis, T.J. & W.R. Rouse (2001): Modelling the interannual variability of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange at a subarctic sedge fen. Global Change Biology 7(5): 511-530.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Griffis, T.J., W.R. Rouse & J.M. Waddingt ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Griffis, T.J., W.R. Rouse & J.M. Waddington (2000): Interannual variability of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange at a subarctic fen. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14(4): 1109-1121.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Joiner, D.W., P.M. Lafleur, J.H. McCaughey &a ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Christensen T.R. (1993): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Christensen T.R. (1993): Methane emission from arctic tundra. Biogeochemistry 21(2): 117-139.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Pulliam, W.M. & J.L. Meyer (1992): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Pulliam, W.M. & J.L. Meyer (1992): Methane emissions from floodplain swamps of the Ogeechee River – long-term patterns and effects of climate change. Biogeochemistry 15(3): 151-174.

Description

Models were applied to observed climate and hydrography for 1937-1989 and to simulated altered climates. Altered climates were generated from the present-day climate by changing monthly temperatures and monthly precipitation by constant proportions, thus altering long-term averages and preserving year-to-year variation. In the altered climate simulations, methane emissions were very sensitive to changes in precipitation amounts, with a 20% decrease in rainfall resulting in 30-43% declines in methane emissions. Hydrologic impacts of changes in evapotranspiration rates were more important than direct temperature effects on methane production.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Yavitt, J.B., G.E. Lang & A.J. Sexstone ( ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): Peatlands and global climate change – insights from comparative studies of sites situated along a latitudinal gradient. Wetlands 14(3): 229-238.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / van Noordwijk, M., P. Martikainen, P. Bottner ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

van Noordwijk, M., P. Martikainen, P. Bottner, E. Cuevas, C. Rouland & S.S. Dhillion (1998): Global change and root function. Global Change Biology 4(7): 759-772.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Gedney, N., Cox, P.M. & C. Huntingford (2 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Gedney, N., Cox, P.M. & C. Huntingford (2004): Climate feedback from wetland methane emissions. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L20503

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication / Fenner, N., D.J. Dowrick, M.A. Lock, C.R. Raf ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication

Reference

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Shindell, D.T., B.P. Walter & G. Faluvegi ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Shindell, D.T., B.P. Walter & G. Faluvegi (2004): Impacts of climate change on methane emissions from wetlands. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L21202

Description

Nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication / Aherne, J., T. Larssen, P.J. Dillon & B.J ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication

Reference

Aherne, J., T. Larssen, P.J. Dillon & B.J. Cosby (2004): Effects of climate events on environmental fluxes from forested catchments in Ontario, Canada: Modelling drought-induced redox processes. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 4: 37-48.

Description

Drought periods: Oxidation of stored sulphur in wetlands, subsequent efflux into streams/lakes. Generation of wetland compartment with incorporated redox processes included in MAGIC model.

Nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication / Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication

Reference

Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor (1998): Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus mineralization in northern wetlands. Ecology 79(5): 1545-1561.

Description

Soil structure, soil energy fluxes / Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Soil structure, soil energy fluxes

Reference

Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): Hydrologic response of a wetland to changing moisture conditions: Modeling effects of soil heterogeneity. Climatic Change 40(2): 211-227.

Description

Soil structure, soil energy fluxes / Rouse, W.R., D.W. Carlson & E.J. Weick (1 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Soil structure, soil energy fluxes

Reference

Rouse, W.R., D.W. Carlson & E.J. Weick (1992): Impacts of summer warming on the energy and water balance of wetland tundra. Climatic Change 22(4): 305-326.

Description

Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Tockner, K. & J.A. Stanford (2002): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Tockner, K. & J.A. Stanford (2002): Riverine flood plains: present state and future trends. Environmental Conservation 29(3): 308-330.

Description

Increased summer drying (mid-latitude continental interiors), more intensive precipitation events. Drought. A 3-4 °C climate warming is predicted to eliminate 85% of all remaining wetlands.

Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Ree ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Rees (2003): Paludification and forest retreat in northern oceanic environments. Annals of Botany 91: 213-226.

Description

Rising water tables. Expansion of area covered by bogs, retreat in northern limit of boreal forest.

Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Abiotic indicators

Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention) / Temnerud, J., Weyhenmeyer, G.A. (2008): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Abiotic indicators
Indicator	Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention)

Reference

Temnerud, J., Weyhenmeyer, G.A. (2008): Abrupt changes in air temperature and precipitation: Do they matter for water chemistry ? Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22: 39661. (Euro-limpacs paper)

Description

Early warning indicators

Water table, drought, hydrology / Johnson, W.C., S.E. Boettcher, K.A. Poiani &a ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Early warning indicators
Indicator	Water table, drought, hydrology

Reference

Johnson, W.C., S.E. Boettcher, K.A. Poiani & G. Gunterspergen (2004): Influence Of Weather Extremes On The Water Levels Of Glaciated Prairie Wetlands. Wetlands 24(2): 385-398.

Description

Semi-permanent, seasonal and temporary wetlands differed sharply in water levels between dry and wet periods. Ground-water levels near semi-permanent wetlands more stable than those near temporary wetlands. Weather extremes drive the wetland cover cycle. Baseflow: The stream was fed by discharging shallow, anoxic groundwater without nitrogen and by deep, oxic groundwater with nitrogen (similar to 0-37 mg l^-1). Stormflow: near-surface runoff in the upper 30 cut soil layer bypassed the denitrifying zone and added significant amounts to the nitrogen load of the stream. Nitrate-nitrogen was close to 100% of deep groundwater and stream-water nitrogen concentration. Stream-water baseflow concentrations of nitrate, dissolved carbon and silica were about 1.6 mg l^-1, 4 mg l^-1 and 7.5 mg l^-1 respectively, and > 3 mg l^-1, > 10 mg l^-1 and < 4 mg l^-1 respectively during discharge peaks.

Water table, drought, hydrology / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Early warning indicators
Indicator	Water table, drought, hydrology

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Water/soil temperature / Fenner, N., D.J. Dowrick, M.A. Lock, C.R. Raf ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Early warning indicators
Indicator	Water/soil temperature

Reference

Description

Primary production: plants

Community change, diversity change, loss of native species, exotic species increase / Hudon, C. (2004): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Community change, diversity change, loss of native species, exotic species increase

Reference

Hudon, C. (2004): Shift in wetland plant composition and biomass following low-level episodes in the St. Lawrence River: looking into the future. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61(4): 603-617.

Description

Water temperature 2-3 °C warmer (comparison 1931-1999), low water levels: Invasion by various Graminea (including Phalaris arundinacea and Phragmites australis) and facultative annual species. Submerged species (shallow waters) replaced on dry ground by annual terrestrial plants; Alisma gramineum colonized emergent waterlogged mudflats. Spatially discontinuous plant biomass richer in terrestrial material. Decline of assemblages dominated by Equisetum spp. and Najas flexilis, rise of those dominated by Lythrum salicaria, Potamogeton spp., and filamentous algae. These shifts reveal the additional effects of nutrient enrichment, alien species, and shoreline alteration accompanying a change from a mostly agricultural to a mostly urbanized and industrialized landscape.

Community change, diversity change, paludification or forest succession / Laiho R., H. Vasander, T. Penttila & J. L ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Community change, diversity change, paludification or forest succession

Reference

Description

Community change, diversity change, paludification or forest succession / Klein, E., E.E. Berg & R. Dial (2005): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Community change, diversity change, paludification or forest succession

Reference

Description

Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / Joabsson, A. & T.R. Christensen (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

Joabsson, A. & T.R. Christensen (2001): Methane emissions from wetlands and their relationship with vascular plants: an Arctic example. Global Change Biology 7: 919-932.

Description

Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): Peatlands and global climate change – insights from comparative studies of sites situated along a latitudinal gradient. Wetlands 14(3): 229-238.

Description

Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / van Noordwijk, M., P. Martikainen, P. Bottner ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

van Noordwijk, M., P. Martikainen, P. Bottner, E. Cuevas, C. Rouland & S.S. Dhillion (1998): Global change and root function. Global Change Biology 4(7): 759-772.

Description

Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / Andersen, D.C. & S.M. Nelson (2006): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

Andersen, D.C. & S.M. Nelson (2006): Flood pattern and weather determine populus leaf litter breakdown and nitrogen dynamics on a cold desert floodplain. Journal of Arid Environments 64(4): 626-650.

Description

Total mass of N in fresh autumn litter fell by similar to 20% over winter and spring, mostly no further nitrogen loss after 653 days exposure, including up to 20 days immersion during the spring flood pulse. Final organic matter mass was 10-40% of initial values. Most N would be released outside the flood season, when retention within the floodplain would be likely. Immersion in floodwater accelerated OM loss, but modest variation in litter quality did not affect the breakdown rate. Decomposition on desert floodplains similar to litter processing in desert uplands, but with periodic bouts of processing typical of aquatic environments when litter is inundated by floodwaters. Strong dependence of litter breakdown rate on weather and floods: climate change or river flow management can easily disrupt floodplain nutrient dynamics.

Loss of native species, exotic species increase / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Loss of native species, exotic species increase / Hogenbirk, J.C. & R.W. Wein (1991): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase

Reference

Hogenbirk, J.C. & R.W. Wein (1991): Fire and drought experiments in northern wetlands – a climate change analog. Canadian Journal of Botany 69(9): 1991-1997.

Description

Proportional loss of native species and influx of invasives; move towards dicotyledonous species.

Loss of native species, exotic species increase, riparian vegetation change, growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / Carpenter, S.R., S.G. Fisher, N.B. Grimm & ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase, riparian vegetation change, growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

Carpenter, S.R., S.G. Fisher, N.B. Grimm & J.F. Kitchell (1992): Global change and freshwater ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 119-139.

Description

Altered riparian vegetation (herbal vegetation and trees), and altered biomass and productivity, exotic species. Effect on detrivores: Slowed decomposition. Altered aquatic communities.

Paludification or forest succession / Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Ree ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Paludification or forest succession

Reference

Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Rees (2003): Paludification and forest retreat in northern oceanic environments. Annals of Botany 91: 213-226.

Description

Rising water tables. Expansion of area covered by bogs, retreat in northern limit of boreal forest.

Paludification or forest succession / Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Ree ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Paludification or forest succession

Reference

Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Rees (2003): Paludification and forest retreat in northern oceanic environments. Annals of Botany 91: 213-226.

Description

Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties / Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (20 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties

Reference

Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (2005): Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 14(4): 347-357.

Description

Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties / Deil, U. (2005): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties

Reference

Deil, U. (2005): A review on habitats, plant traits and vegetation of ephemeral wetlands - a global perspective. Phytocoenologia 35(2-3): 533-705.

Description

Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties / Lessmann J.M., H. Brix, V. Bauer, O.A. Clever ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties

Reference

Description

Species distribution / Hudon, C., D. Wilcox & J. Ingram (2006) ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Species distribution

Reference

Description

Substrate quality / Rouse, W.R., D.W. Carlson & E.J. Weick (1 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Substrate quality

Reference

Rouse, W.R., D.W. Carlson & E.J. Weick (1992): Impacts of summer warming on the energy and water balance of wetland tundra. Climatic Change 22(4): 305-326.

Description

Secondary production - fish

Fish distribution, richness, abundance change / Schindler, D.W. (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Secondary production - fish
Indicator	Fish distribution, richness, abundance change

Reference

Description

Increased draught, weaker spring flows, less inundation. Leads to disappearing wetlands. Demise of fisheries, of waterfowl and muskrat populations.

Fish distribution, richness, abundance change / Beechie T., E. Buhle, M. Ruckelshaus, A. Full ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Secondary production - fish
Indicator	Fish distribution, richness, abundance change

Reference

Beechie T., E. Buhle, M. Ruckelshaus, A. Fullerton & L. Holsinger (2006): Hydrologic regime and the conservation of salmon life history diversity. Biological Conservation 130(4): 560-572.

Description

Temperature effect: changed proportions of snow-melt and rainwater. Land use changes: barrier effects of dams. Assesses optimal upstream conditions for salmon (spawning and juveniles) in relation to snow melt and presence of dams. Review on habitat variability and salmon recruitment success.

Secondary production - invertebrates

Species distribution, richness, abundance change / Eyre, M.D. (2006): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Secondary production - invertebrates
Indicator	Species distribution, richness, abundance change

Reference

Description

Susceptibility ecosystem

Groundwater / Johnson, W.C., S.E. Boettcher, K.A. Poiani &a ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Groundwater

Reference

Johnson, W.C., S.E. Boettcher, K.A. Poiani & G. Gunterspergen (2004): Influence Of Weather Extremes On The Water Levels Of Glaciated Prairie Wetlands. Wetlands 24(2): 385-398.

Description

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Brinson, M.M. & A.I. Malvarez (2002): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Brinson, M.M. & A.I. Malvarez (2002): Temperate freshwater wetlands: types, status, and threats. Environmental Conservation 29(2): 115-133.

Description

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Beechie T., E. Buhle, M. Ruckelshaus, A. Full ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Beechie T., E. Buhle, M. Ruckelshaus, A. Fullerton & L. Holsinger (2006): Hydrologic regime and the conservation of salmon life history diversity. Biological Conservation 130(4): 560-572.

Description

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Hudon, C. (2004): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Description

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Perotti, M.G., M.C. Dieguez & F.G. Jara. ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Description

Soil type / Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): Hydrologic response of a wetland to changing moisture conditions: Modeling effects of soil heterogeneity. Climatic Change 40(2): 211-227.

Description

Soil type / Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor (1998): Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus mineralization in northern wetlands. Ecology 79(5): 1545-1561.

Description

Soil type / Schwarzel, K., J. Simunek, M.Th. van Genuchte ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

Description

Soil type / Fenner, N., D.J. Dowrick, M.A. Lock, C.R. Raf ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

Description

Vertebrates

Birds: migration, timing, range, distribution / Schindler, D.W. (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Vertebrates
Indicator	Birds: migration, timing, range, distribution

Reference

Description

Increased draught, weaker spring flows, less inundation. Leads to disappearing wetlands. Demise of fisheries, of waterfowl and muskrat populations.

Birds: migration, timing, range, distribution / Zalakevicius M. & R. Zalakeviciute (2001) ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	riverine
Parameter group	Vertebrates
Indicator	Birds: migration, timing, range, distribution

Reference

Zalakevicius M. & R. Zalakeviciute (2001): Global climate change impact on birds: a review of research in Lithuania. Folia Zoologica 50(1): 1-17.

Description

Timing of spring arrival.

Lakeside

Abiotic incidators

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Christensen, T.R., Ekberg, A., Strö,m, L. ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

Soil temperature and organic acid concentrations explain almost 100% variations in mean annual methane emissions. Temperature sensitivity suggests feedback mechanism on climate change.

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Juutinen,S., J. Alm, T. Larmola, J.T. Huttune ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

Unusually long inundation of otherwise only ephemerally flooded zone in 1998 caused decreased methane emissions (submerged venting structures of plants in sedge-dominated zone).

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Werner, C., K. Davis, P. Bakwin, C. Yi, D. Hu ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (20 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (2005): Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 14(4): 347-357.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Walter, B.P., M. Heimann & E. Matthews (2 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Brix, H., B.K. Sorrell & B. Lorenzen (200 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Brix, H., B.K. Sorrell & B. Lorenzen (2001): Are phragmites-dominated wetlands a net source or net sink of greenhouse gases? Aquatic Botany 69(2-4): 313-324.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Whiting, G.J. & J.P. Chanton (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Whiting, G.J. & J.P. Chanton (2001): Greenhouse carbon balance of wetlands: methane emission versus carbon sequestration. Tellus Series B – Chemical and Physical Meteorology 53(5): 521-528.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Griffis, T.J. & W.R. Rouse (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Griffis, T.J. & W.R. Rouse (2001): Modelling the interannual variability of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange at a subarctic sedge fen. Global Change Biology 7(5): 511-530.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Griffis, T.J., W.R. Rouse & J.M. Waddingt ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Griffis, T.J., W.R. Rouse & J.M. Waddington (2000): Interannual variability of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange at a subarctic fen. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14(4): 1109-1121.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Joiner, D.W., P.M. Lafleur, J.H. McCaughey &a ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Svensson, B.H., T.R. Christensen, E. Johansso ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Svensson, B.H., T.R. Christensen, E. Johansson & M. Oquist (1999): Interdecadal changes in CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes of a subarctic mire: Stordalen revisited after 20 years. Oikos 85(1): 22-30.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Christensen T.R. (1993): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Christensen T.R. (1993): Methane emission from arctic tundra. Biogeochemistry 21(2): 117-139.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Yavitt, J.B., G.E. Lang & A.J. Sexstone ( ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission / Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission

Reference

Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): Peatlands and global climate change – insights from comparative studies of sites situated along a latitudinal gradient. Wetlands 14(3): 229-238.

Description

N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Shindell, D.T., B.P. Walter & G. Faluvegi ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	N-/C-flux, greenhouse gases emission, wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Shindell, D.T., B.P. Walter & G. Faluvegi (2004): Impacts of climate change on methane emissions from wetlands. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L21202

Description

Nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication / Dillon, P.J., Molot, L.A. & M. Futter (19 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication

Reference

Dillon, P.J., Molot, L.A. & M. Futter (1997): The effect of El Niño-related drought on the recovery of acidified lakes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 46: 105-111.

Description

Drought in wetlands. Stored reduced S in anoxic zones (wetlands) oxidized during drought, sulphate export rates after droughts high. Elevated sulphate concentrations in streams and lakes (in spite of decreased atmospheric sulphate deposition).

Nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication / Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Nutrients: decomposition, mineralisation, oxidation, release to lakes, rivers, eutrophication

Reference

Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor (1998): Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus mineralization in northern wetlands. Ecology 79(5): 1545-1561.

Description

Soil structure, soil energy fluxes / Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Soil structure, soil energy fluxes

Reference

Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): Hydrologic response of a wetland to changing moisture conditions: Modeling effects of soil heterogeneity. Climatic Change 40(2): 211-227.

Description

Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Tockner, K. & J.A. Stanford (2002): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Tockner, K. & J.A. Stanford (2002): Riverine flood plains: present state and future trends. Environmental Conservation 29(3): 308-330.

Description

Increased summer drying (mid-latitude continental interiors), more intensive precipitation events. Drought. A 3-4 °C climate warming is predicted to eliminate 85% of all remaining wetlands.

Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Ree ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Rees (2003): Paludification and forest retreat in northern oceanic environments. Annals of Botany 91: 213-226.

Description

Rising water tables. Expansion of area covered by bogs, retreat in northern limit of boreal forest.

Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic incidators
Indicator	Wetland extension, connectivity, functioning

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Abiotic indicators

Acidification: SO₄^2- flux (wetlands) / Aherne, J., Larssen, T., Cosby, B.J., Dillon, ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic indicators
Indicator	Acidification: SO₄^2- flux (wetlands)

Reference

Aherne, J., Larssen, T., Cosby, B.J., Dillon, P.J. (2006): Climate variability and forecasting surface water recovery from acidification: Modelling drought-induced sulphate release from wetlands. Science of the Total Environment 365: 186-199.

Description

Climate-induced drought events have been shown to have a significant influence on sulphate (SO₄^2-) export from forested catchments in central Ontario, subsequently delaying recovery of surface waters from acidification. Field and modelling studies have demonstrated that water table drawdown during drought periods promotes oxidation of previously stored (reduced) sulphur (S) compounds in wetlands, with subsequent efflux of SO₄^2- upon re-wetting. Although climate-induced changes in processes are generally not integrated into soil-acidification models, MAGIC (Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments) includes a wetland compartment that incorporates redox processes driven by drought events. The potential confounding influence of climate-induced drought events on acidification recovery at Plastic Lake, south-central Ontario (under proposed future S emission reductions) was investigated using MAGIC and two climate scenarios: monthly precipitation and runoff based on long-term means (average-climate scenario), and variable precipitation and runoff based on the past 20 years of observed monthly data (variable-climate scenario). The variable-climate scenario included several periods of summer drought owing to lower than average rainfall and higher then average temperature. Nonetheless, long-term regional trends in precipitation and temperature suggest that the variable-climate scenario may be a conservative estimate of future climate. The average-climate scenario indicated good recovery potential with acid neutralising capacity (ANC) reaching approximately 40 μmolc L^-1 by 2020 and 50 μmolc L^-1 by 2080. In contrast, the forecasted recovery potential under the variable-climate scenario was very much reduced. By 2080, ANC was forecasted to increase to 2.6 μmolc L^-1 from − 10.0 μmolc L^-1 in 2000. Elevated SO_-4^2- efflux following drought events (introduced under the variable-climate scenario) has a dramatic impact on simulated future surface water chemistry. The results clearly demonstrate that prediction of future water quality, using models such as MAGIC, should take into account changes or variability in climate as well as acid deposition.

Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention) / Temnerud, J., Weyhenmeyer, G.A. (2008): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Abiotic indicators
Indicator	Carbon cycling change (DOC release/retention)

Reference

Temnerud, J., Weyhenmeyer, G.A. (2008): Abrupt changes in air temperature and precipitation: Do they matter for water chemistry ? Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22: 39661. (Euro-limpacs paper)

Description

Early warning indicators

Water table, drought, hydrology / Johnson, W.C., S.E. Boettcher, K.A. Poiani &a ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Early warning indicators
Indicator	Water table, drought, hydrology

Reference

Johnson, W.C., S.E. Boettcher, K.A. Poiani & G. Gunterspergen (2004): Influence Of Weather Extremes On The Water Levels Of Glaciated Prairie Wetlands. Wetlands 24(2): 385-398.

Description

Water table, drought, hydrology / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Early warning indicators
Indicator	Water table, drought, hydrology

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Primary production: plants

Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / Joabsson, A. & T.R. Christensen (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

Joabsson, A. & T.R. Christensen (2001): Methane emissions from wetlands and their relationship with vascular plants: an Arctic example. Global Change Biology 7: 919-932.

Description

Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

Wieder R.K. & J.B. Yavitt (1994): Peatlands and global climate change – insights from comparative studies of sites situated along a latitudinal gradient. Wetlands 14(3): 229-238.

Description

Loss of native species, exotic species increase / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Loss of native species, exotic species increase / Wei, A.H. & P. Chow-Fraser (2006): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase

Reference

Wei, A.H. & P. Chow-Fraser (2006): Synergistic impact of water level fluctuation and invasion of Glyceria on Typha in a freshwater marsh of Lake Ontario. Aquatic Botany 84(1): 63-69.

Description

Loss of native species, exotic species increase, riparian vegetation change, growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change / Carpenter, S.R., S.G. Fisher, N.B. Grimm & ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Loss of native species, exotic species increase, riparian vegetation change, growth rate, productivity, root density, decomposition change

Reference

Carpenter, S.R., S.G. Fisher, N.B. Grimm & J.F. Kitchell (1992): Global change and freshwater ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 119-139.

Description

Altered riparian vegetation (herbal vegetation and trees), and altered biomass and productivity, exotic species. Effect on detrivores: Slowed decomposition. Altered aquatic communities.

Paludification or forest succession / Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Ree ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Paludification or forest succession

Reference

Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree & W.G. Rees (2003): Paludification and forest retreat in northern oceanic environments. Annals of Botany 91: 213-226.

Description

Rising water tables. Expansion of area covered by bogs, retreat in northern limit of boreal forest.

Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties / Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (20 ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties

Reference

Thuiller, W., S. Lavorel & M.B Araujo (2005): Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 14(4): 347-357.

Description

Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties / Deil, U. (2005): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Primary production: plants
Indicator	Sensitivity depending on plant traits and niche properties

Reference

Deil, U. (2005): A review on habitats, plant traits and vegetation of ephemeral wetlands - a global perspective. Phytocoenologia 35(2-3): 533-705.

Description

Secondary production - fish

Fish distribution, richness, abundance change / Schindler, D.W. (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Secondary production - fish
Indicator	Fish distribution, richness, abundance change

Reference

Description

Increased draught, weaker spring flows, less inundation. Leads to disappearing wetlands. Demise of fisheries, of waterfowl and muskrat populations.

Susceptibility ecosystem

Groundwater / Johnson, W.C., S.E. Boettcher, K.A. Poiani &a ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Groundwater

Reference

Johnson, W.C., S.E. Boettcher, K.A. Poiani & G. Gunterspergen (2004): Influence Of Weather Extremes On The Water Levels Of Glaciated Prairie Wetlands. Wetlands 24(2): 385-398.

Description

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Brinson, M.M. & A.I. Malvarez (2002): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Brinson, M.M. & A.I. Malvarez (2002): Temperate freshwater wetlands: types, status, and threats. Environmental Conservation 29(2): 115-133.

Description

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Ja ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Ogden, J.C., S.M. Davis, T.K. Barnes, K.J. Jacobs & J.H. Gentile (2005): Total system conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25(4): 955-979.

Description

Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase) / Wei, A.H. & P. Chow-Fraser (2006): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Land use (e.g. water abstraction increase)

Reference

Wei, A.H. & P. Chow-Fraser (2006): Synergistic impact of water level fluctuation and invasion of Glyceria on Typha in a freshwater marsh of Lake Ontario. Aquatic Botany 84(1): 63-69.

Description

Soil type / Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

Zeeb, P.J. & H.F. Hemond (1998): Hydrologic response of a wetland to changing moisture conditions: Modeling effects of soil heterogeneity. Climatic Change 40(2): 211-227.

Description

Soil type / Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Susceptibility ecosystem
Indicator	Soil type

Reference

Bridgham, S.D., K. Updegraff & J. Pastor (1998): Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus mineralization in northern wetlands. Ecology 79(5): 1545-1561.

Description

Vertebrates

Birds: migration, timing, range, distribution / Schindler, D.W. (2001): ...

Climate Region	cold
Ecosystem type	lakeside
Parameter group	Vertebrates
Indicator	Birds: migration, timing, range, distribution

Reference

Description

Increased draught, weaker spring flows, less inundation. Leads to disappearing wetlands. Demise of fisheries, of waterfowl and muskrat populations.

Freshwater type.

Wetlands in cold ecoregions

– Case studies –

Wetlands in general

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